Fesuiaiga o plastids - ai se mea taatele i le lalolagi o le laau. Plastids: fausaga, galuega tauave

O se tasi o le eseesega autu i le va o laau ma sela manu o le afioaga i le organelles muamua cytoplasm e pei o plastids. Fausaga, aemaise lava a la faiga metabolic, faapea foi chloroplasts le a talanoaina taua chromoplasts ma leucoplasts i lenei mataupu.

O le faatulagaina o le chloroplast

fausaga plastid Green lea tatou iloiloina faatatau i organelles faamalosia o sela o laau maualuga spore ma fanau. O i latou o dvuhmembrannymi organelles feaveai ma faʻafua i foliga. Atonu e ese o latou numera i le cytoplasm. Mo se faataitaiga, sela ipu parenchyma lau tapaa columnar o loo aofia ai e oo atu i le faitau afe o chloroplasts i le mafua o le aiga laau sana mai le 30 i le 50.

Uma membranes o se vaega o le organelle, maua fausaga eseese: o le fafo - lamolemole, e tolu vaega, e pei o le membrane sili ona sela laau. e aofia ai i totonu se plurality o gauga, valaauina lamellae. O nei tuaoi pouches mafolafola - thylakoids. fausia le lamellae se fetaulaiga o tubules tutusa. Le va o le lamellae e thylakoids-sela. ua aoina i latou i faaputuga - foliga e mafai ona e fesootai. Latou numera tasi chloroplast - 60-150. Le ua faatumulia ana totonu atoa ma le Taiala o le chloroplast.

ua faailoga Organelle o le tutoatasi: o ana lava mea tau kenera - DNA lapotopoto, lea e mafai ona fanafanau chloroplasts. Ai foi iina o se membrane fafo tapunia bounding le organelle e ala i le faiga e tutupu i le cytoplasm. Chloroplasts o latou lava ribosomes ma molecules RNA ma le tRNA, ma o lea, o le tomai e synthesize polotini.

galuega tauave thylakoids

Pei ona taʻua muamua, o le plastids o laau sela - chloroplasts, o loo i ai i latou tuufaatasiga faapitoa sacs faamafola taʻua thylakoids. Latou maua pigments - chlorophylls (aofia ai i photosynthesis) ma carotenoids (faagaoioia lagolago ma galuega tauave trophic). O loo i ai foi le faiga o enzyme, maua ai le tali a le malamalama ma le vaega pogisa o photosynthesis. Thylakoids galuega tauave e pei antennas: latou taulai atu malamalama ave ma taitaiina i latou i se molecule chlorophyll.

Photosynthesis - le faagasologa autu o chloroplasts

sela Autotrophic e mafai ona synthesize mea faatulagaina, aemaise suka, e faaaoga carbon karaponi ma le malosi le malamalama. Green galuega tauave plastid lea tatou te suesueina, o se vaega taua o le phototrophic - meaola multicellular, e pei o:

• laau spore maualuga (mosses, horsetails, mosses kalapu, ferns);
• fanau (gymnosperms - gingovye, conifers, efedrovye ma angiosperms po o fuga laau).

Photosynthesis - o se faiga o tali oxidation-faaitiitiga, lea o loo faavae i electron faaliliuina faagasologa mai foai mea e tuufaatasi "ona iloa" i latou, e taʻua o acceptors.

O nei tali e taitai i le tuufaatasia o mea faatulagaina, aemaise suka, ma le tuueseeseina o le okesene molecular. O le vaega malamalama o photosynthesis tupu i membranes thylakoid i lalo o le faatinoga o le malosi malamalama. O le manatu faapito photons faaosofia electrons atoms malamalama magnesium loo i ai i le lanu meamata - chlorophyll.

O le electron le malosi o loo faaaogaina i le mana e alu vailaau tuufaatasia ATP ma NADP-H2. Latou vaeluaina le sela i le tali pogisa vaega e tutupu i le Taiala o le chloroplast. O le atoatoa o nei tali e gaosia e taitai atu ai i le faavaega o molecules o suka, acids amino, glycerol ma acids puta, lea e auauna atu o ni sela fale ma mea trophic.

ituaiga o plastids

fausaga Green plastid ma galuega tauave o tatou iloiloina na muamua atu, ua i ai i le lau, e mafua, ma lanu meamata e le na o le pau ituaiga. Mo se faataitaiga, i le paʻu o le fua, i le petals o fuga o laau i totonu o le faavaa pito i fafo o tagata tamomoʻe lalo o le eleele - tubers ma iʻo, loo i ai isi plastids. ua valaauina i latou chromoplasts po leucoplasts.

organelles Colorless (leucoplasts) i ai foliga ma eseese e ese mai chloroplasts o lo latou ana totonu e leai se papatusi manifinifi - lamella, ma o le aofai o thylakoids tamau i le laitiiti o le Taiala. Taiala lava e aofia ai se acid deoxyribonucleic, o le porotini-synthesizing organelles - ribosomes ma enzymes proteolytic e solia i lalo polotini ma carbohydrates.

foi Leucoplasts enzymes - synthetase auai i le faavaega o kulukose molecules o māsoā. O le mea colorless plastids o sela laau accumulates meaai suia: porotini pellets ma māsoā saito. O nei plastids o galuega tauave a le faaputuga o mea e faatulagaina e mafai ona suia i chromoplasts, mo se faataitaiga i le taimi o le matua o le tamato, i le tulaga o le matutua i le agasala lactic.

I lalo o le mikerosekope le faitauina o le faia o se faaiuga maualuga, manino eseesega vaaia i le faatulagaga o ituaiga uma e tolu o plastids. O lenei uluai faatatau i le chloroplasts ma le faatulagaga sili ona faigata e fesootai ma le galuega tauave o le photosynthesis.

Chromoplasts - lanu plastids

Faatasi ai ma le green ma colorless i sela laau o loo i ai se organelles lona tolu vaaiga taʻua chromoplasts. Ua ia i latou le tele o lanu: samasama, violē, lanu mumu. O latou fausaga e tutusa leucoplasts: o le membrane totonu ei ai se vaega toaitiiti o lamellae ma se vaega toaitiiti o thylakoids. Chromoplasts aofia ai pigments eseese: xanthophylls, carotenes, carotenoids, mea ausilali photosynthetic. O nei plastids tuuina lanu o aʻa pīti, carrots, fua, fua laau ma vine.

A o iina ma plastids liua taufai

Leucoplasts, chromoplasts, chloroplasts - le plastids (fausaga ma galuega tauave a lea tatou suesue), ua i ai se amataga masani. ua maua i latou mai meristematic (aoaoga) pepa solo, o lea ua faia protoplastidy - dvuhmembrannye sacciform organelles oo atu i le 1 micron. I le malamalama, latou faafaigata lona fausaga: Ua faavaeina le membrane totonu o loo i ai lamellae, ma ua synthesized e le chlorophyll lanu meamata. avea Protoplastidy chloroplasts. Leucoplasts foi e mafai ona faaliliuina i lalo o le gaoioiga o le malamalama le malosi e plastids lanu meamata, ma i chromoplasts. Fesuiaiga o le plastid - o ai se mea taatele i le lalolagi o laau.

Chromatophores pei o le muamua atu o chloroplasts

meaola Prokaryotic phototrophic - lanu meamata ma le pāuli siama, o loo faatinoina faagasologa photosynthetic faaaogaina se bacteriochlorophyll lona molecules ua faatulagaina i luga o le outgrowths membrane cytoplasmic totonu. Microbiologists talitonu chromatophores o siama plastids muamua atu.

ua faamaonia e ala ia latou tutusa chloroplasts fausaga lenei, e pei o le afioaga o le tali o nofoaga autu ma svetoulavlivayuschih faiga ma aoao taunuuga photosynthesis, e tau atu i le faavaega o tuufaatasi faatulagaina. E tatau ona matauina e le i lalo laau - algae green, faapea foi prokaryotes, maua plastids. ua tatau ona totogi lenei i le mea moni e faapea o aoaoga hlorofillosoderzhaschie - chromatophores ave i luga a latou galuega tauave - photosynthesis.

E faapefea ona faia e le chloroplasts

I le tele o hypotheses o le amataga mai o le taulai atu plastid i symbiogenesis. E tusa ma lona manatu, plastids - sela (chloroplasts) e tulai mai i Archean vaitaimi ona tui o le siama heterotrophic phototrophic feaveai autu. Latou mulimuli ane oo ai i le faavaega o plastids lanumeamata.

I lenei pepa tatou suesue i le faatulagaga ma le galuega tauave o le laau organelles feaveai dvuhmembrannyh: leucoplasts, chloroplasts ma chromoplasts. Ma iloa ai lo latou taua i gaoioiga feaveai.