Sodium phenate: Sauniuniga, Meatotino oona

Phenols - tuufaatasi o ituaiga laau manogi i ai se tasi po o le sili vaega hydroxyl fesootai atu atoms carbon benzenovogo vaega faaogatotonu len¯ao. E tusa ai ma le aofai o vaega Oi iloagofie tasi-, lua ma trihydric phenols.

Monohydric phenols - pogai o benzene ma ona homologues i le vaega faaogatotonu len¯ao lea e tasi atomu hydrogen ua suia e se vaega hydroxyl.

Isomerism ma nomenclature. I le sui faigofie o phenols - acid carbolic (phenol) isomers le, i lona homologs ai isomers positional o le vaega hydroxyl i benzonovom autu (ortho, meta, para tulaga).

Ina ia igoa phenols faaaogaina nomenclature tolu - talafaasolopito, fetaui tonu ai ma IUPAC. Mo phenols talafaasolopito nomenclature ua valaauina trivially - phenol (acid carbolic), cresols, ma isi

puna Faalenatura mo nei mea o le ta koale, suauu kernel, tar beech, ma isi ua tuuina tar koale i le taimi o le koale distillation matutu. Punaoa mo le tuuina phenols e averesi (pupuna i 170-230 ° C) ma mamafa (pupuna i 230-270 ° C) suauu. I le taimi o le faagasologa o hydroxide sodium na saunia phenolate sodium. O le fua faatatau o lenei mea e aofia ai le vaega o totoe o phenol ma sodium.

I lalo o tuutuuga falesuesue, e masani sulphosalts ituaiga laau manogi (masima sodium ma potassium o acids sulfonic) o loo faaaogaina e maua phenols. I le taimi o tali vailaau, a sodium po potassium phenolate. Ina ua mavae lena, ua faatatauina nei tuufaatasi ma acids minerale e tuuina atu le phenols saoloto.

e tatau ona totogi meatotino vailaau i le afioaga o le phenol vaega Oi i vaega faaogatotonu len¯ao benzelnom. O nei mea e mafai ona ulu atu i tali o loo uiga o alcohols (faavaega o esters, phenolates, halogenated) ma arenes (le toe suia o atoms hydrogen i se halogens benzenovom autu, vaega nitro, sulfo vaega). O le mea lea, tali vave nei sui ma le uʻamea e fai ai se phenolate sodium. O i nei tulaga o loo faaalia aemaise faatulagaga faaeletoroni o molecules o alcohols ma phenols.

phenoxide sodium (po phenoxide) ua faia e ala i le tali phenols ma alkalis. Le meatotino acidic o phenols matua itiiti faaleoina. O nei mea e le pisia ma pepa litmus. e mafai ona ola sodium phenolate pei alkoxides i fofo aqueous alkaline, ae e le pala. ua faigofie decomposed Phenates e tali i acids (e oo lava i le vaivai, f.t.t., koale).

Ae o meatotino acidic o phenols e sili folafola nai lo alcohols aliphatic. Folasaga i le molecule o le phenol substituents electron-le aveesea (nitro, halogen, o se vaega sulfo, o se aldehyde vaega ma le pei o) e faateleina ai le gaoioiga gidroksogrupp hydrogen, o lea e faaleleia atili meatotino acidic.

Le afioaga o le phenols aafiaga mesomeric lelei e mafua ai i meatotino nucleophilic, lea e itiiti le folafola a faatusatusa atu i alcohols. o loo faaaogaina lenei meatotino e maua esters, ae le auai i le tali i latou lava phenols ma phenolates ma hydrocarbons halogenated.

faavaeina Ester tupu i le tali phenols ma chlorides po anhydrides o acids carboxylic. E pei o le faavaeina o esters, e faigofie le tali e faagasolo phenates potassium po sodium.

Ina ua le gaoioiga o halogens faia phenols pogai halogen. O le bromination o phenols faaaogaina i suesuega o vailaau: 2,46-tribromophenol o le lelei soluble i le vai ma precipitates i fafo, lea e mafai ai faapea tali e iloa ai le phenols i fofo.

O le nitration o phenol. Le gaoioiga o le phenol a 20% acid nitric , o se tuufaatasiga o o-ma p-nitrophenols ua ma valavala ai i distillation ma ausa (Sa malie ese o-nitrophenol, ma tumau pea le p-nitrophenol i fofo).