Aldehydes ma ketones. Meatotino ma le tuufaatasia o le tuufaatasi carbonyl

O le lotoa faatulagaina o lo o aofia i lona fausaga molecular se vaega carbonyl o le pepa nei:> C = E, - taua o oxo-tuufaatasi ma ua vaevaeina i ni vaega lautele se lua - aldehydes ma ketones. E tusa ai ma le faatulagaga o radicals hydrocarbon, ua faavasegaina nei mea i aliphatic, o ituaiga laau manogi ma alicyclic. O le molecules muamua ma le lona lua o loo faamatalaina i le a carbonyl vaega lea e fesootai tuusao i se benzene mama po o itu filifili. Aldehydes ma ketones ma se sootaga molecular o le faasologa o ituaiga laau manogi, lea ua i ai se vaega e faaaogaina i i le filifili itu ua manatu o pogai o aliphatic tuufaatasi carbonyl.

ua synthesized aldehydes ituaiga laau manogi i auala autu se lua: e ala i le faailoaina atu o se vaega carbonyl i se mama benzene i suiga electrophilic ma le liua o le substituents ua uma ona auai i le faatulagaga. Aldehydes ma ketones aofia tuufaatasi faatulagaina uma e sili ona reactive. Gata i lea, i le tulaga vailaau lona lua muamua tele sili atu ona malolosi. Mo aldehydes e fai lava si masani tali oxidation, suia, polymerization, faaopoopo ma totoʻoga. Ketones te le lagolagoina foi le tali polymerization.

Sauniuniga o aldehydes ituaiga laau manogi, aemaise lava tuufaatasi benzaldehyde e oxidation o hydrocarbon le suia i luga o le ea gaosia industrially. O tali e faia i laau vailaau e faaaoga oxides o uʻamea eseese, f.t.t., oxide vanadium. Gata i lea, mo le tuufaatasia o aldehyde ituaiga laau manogi e mafai ona faaaogaina le metotia e faaaoga i le sauniuniga o le tuufaatasi o le faagasologa o le aliphatic.

ua tuuina aldehydes ituaiga laau manogi tele insoluble i suavaia auala aqueous ma se manogi ogaoga uiga ese o almonds oona. O le tele e mamao ese mai le mama benzene o le vaega carbonyl, ua latou maua, o le maai avea lo latou manogi. Ituaiga laau manogi aldehydes meatotino vailaau lea e tele faapena, i le tuufaatasi aliphatic lava ona o le uunaiga soofaatasi o le mama benzene ma se vaega carbonyl, maua nisi meatotino vailaau faapitoa ma uiga faaletino. Mo se faataitaiga, e mafai ona faigofie oxidized i le acid carboxylic mulimuli e faaitiitia i le tutusa alcohols ma hydrocarbons. A propionaldehyde, lea e fefiloi lelei ma le tele o ituaiga o solvents faatulagaina i le afioaga o catalysts talafeagai ua liua i acid propionic ma le hydrogenation - i propanol.

Mo le tuufaatasia o ketones ituaiga laau manogi mafai ona ispolzony le tele o auala. Mo se faataitaiga, o le faagasologa hydrolysis alkaline geminal dihalides, dehydrogenation, oxidation o le tutusa tuufaatasi ava malosi monohydric lona lua, ma isi. Ae peitai, o le taualumaga faavae mo le sauniaina o nei tuufaatasi o le acylation o tuufaatasi ituaiga laau manogi. Uma aldehydes ma ketones i ai o se nofoaga autu o electrophilic, atoatoa fegalegaleai ai ma le faasologa reagents nucleophilic.

O tuufaatasi o ituaiga laau manogi ma substituents electron-foai ulufale faigofie foi i tali acylation. Ketones o le faatulagaga molecular o suavai po o solids ma se manogi floral lelei, insoluble i le vai, lea e faatagaina ai i latou ina ia lautele faaaogaina i le alamanuia fagusausau.