Fluoride Hydrogen: uiga ma talosaga

I totonu o le halogen tuufaatasi - elemene 7 vaega o le autu subgroup o le faavaitaimi faiga o vailaau elemene D. I. Mendeleeva - tele aogā taua o lona hydrogen fluoride. Faatasi ai ma isi halides hydrogen, e faaaoga i paranesi eseese o le tamaoaiga o le atunuu: mo uga fluorinated, acid hydrofluoric ma ona masima. I lenei pepa tatou suesue i le faatulagaga o molecules, o le faaletino ma le vailaau meatotino o lenei mea ma le mafaufau i lona faaaogaina.

History of maua

I le senituri lona 17 na K. Shvankvard aafiaga ma le minerale fluorspar ma sulphate acid. Saienitisi ua iloa ai le kesi o loo aliaʻe i le taimi o le tali lea e amata ona mou mai le ipu mafolafola tioata, e aofia ai le faagaau i le paluga reagent. na lauiloa lenei lotoa gaseous pei fluoride hydrogen.

na maua acid Hydrofluoric i 19 senituri Lussac Gay mai le mea mata e tasi: acid fluorite ma sulfuric. Ampere faamaonia lana suesuega i le faatulagaga o le HF molecule e tutusa chloride hydrogen. Ai foi e faasino i tali aqueous o halides hydrogen. O le eseesega faatatau i acids mana: hydrofluoric - vaivai, ma chloride - malosi.

meatotino faaletino

Kasa ma vailaau fuafaatatau HF se manogi uiga ogaoga, colorless, teisi pupula nai lo le ea. I halides HI- HBr- HCl- pupuna manatu ma le teʻa sologa lelei suia, ma faateleina malosi le soloaiga i le HF. Faamalamalamaga o lenei aafiaga matautia e aofia ai molecular ituaiga fluoride hydrogen paaga (vaega o fasimea le faaituau, i le va o lo oi ai noataga hydrogen). E soli i latou, e manaomia le malosi faaopoopo, ina ia faateleina pupuna ma manatu faaliusuavai. E tusa ai ma le fuainumera o le density kesi i le tele e latalata i le tulaga pupuna (19.5), e aofia fluoride hydrogen o aggregates ma se tuufaatasiga averesi o HF _2. A faamafanafana i luga 25 ^{° C,} o nei complexes ua decomposed malie ma i se vevela o le ^{uiga i} le 90 ° aofia F fluoride hydrogen molecules o HF.

E faapefea ina ia maua mai ftorgidrid

Auala mo le mauaina o mea e le i lalo o tuutuuga falesuesue, lea ua uma ona tatou taʻua, ma faalegaluega, toetoe lava o le e leai se mea e ese i latou lava: le reagents o fluorspar tutusa uma (fluorite) ma sulphate acid.

A teugatupe minerale ua faatulagaina i Primorye Zabaikalye, Mekisiko, ISA, muamua faatamaoaigaina e flotation, ona faaaoga i le faagasologa o faatekinolosi o HF, lea e tauaveina i le ogaumu faapitoa uamea. na molia i latou ma fefiloi'oa ma sulphate acid. 'oa faatamaoaigaina loo 55-60% o _fluorite. O le pa o le ogaumu laina pepa taʻimua maileia fluoride hydrogen. na faamamaina lea i le fulu koluma ua cooled ma condensed. Ina ia maua fluoride hydrogen, o loo faaaogaina kilns Roteri, tuusao heatable ala i le eletise. galuega faatino HF vaega Misasa e uiga i 0,98, ae ua drawbacks le faagasologa. E fai lava si umi ma e manaomia ai se taumafaina tele o sulphate acid.

O le polarity o le molecules HF

fluoride hydrogen Anhydrous e aofia ai fasimea mauaina o le tomai e noatia ai i le tasi ma le isi ma aggregates pepa. ua mafua ona o le faatulagaga i totonu o lenei o le molecule. Le va o le atoms hydrogen ma fluorine, o se malosi fusi vailaau, valaauina covalent polar. E faatinoa e aoao pea electron, siitia i se atomu fluorine electronegative sili. O le mea ftorgidrida molecules e polar ma maua le dipoles pepa.

Le va oi latou o loo i ai le malosi tosina electrostatic, lea e tau atu i paaga tupu. fusi umi i le va o atoms hydrogen ma fluorine o 92 nm, ma e tutusa lona malosi i le 42 kJ / mol. E pei o le mea gaseous po o le suavai e aofia ai se tuufaatasiga o ituaiga polymeric H ₂ F _2, H ₄ F _4.

meatotino vailaau

fluoride Anhydrous hydrogen ei ai le malosi e tali atu ma le masima o carbonate, silicate, sulfide nitrite ma acids. Faaalia meatotino oxidative, HF recovers tuufaatasi i luga e karaponi carbon, silicon tetrafluoride, hydrogen sulphide ma oxides nitric. O se aqueous 40% HF fofo faatamaia sima, tioata, paʻu o manu, paʻu, ma foi interacts ma nisi oxides e pei o Cu ₂ O. le oloa o loo maua saoloto apamemea, kopa fluoride ma le vai. O loo i ai se vaega o le mea lea e le tali HF, f.t.t., uʻamea mamafa, e pei foi magnesium, uʻamea, alumini, limasene.

O le fofo aqueous o fluoride hydrogen

O loo i ai se igoa ma ua faaaogaina acid hydrofluoric o le 40% ma le 72% fofo. fluoride Hydrogen, uiga o le meatotino vailaau o lea e faalagolago i luga o lona faasalaga, matua soluble i le vai. I lenei tulaga, vevela ua faatupulaia e faamatala ai o exothermic lenei faagasologa. O se acid malosi auala aqueous HF tali ma uʻamea (tali suia). Faia masima - fluorides -, ma hydrogen faamalolo. Aua le tali atu ma le acid hydrofluoric uʻamea faaupu - platinum ma le auro, ma taitai. passivates ai oʻona, i.e. avea ma se ata tifaga e puipuia ai i luga o se laualuga uamea e aofia ai se fluoride taʻimua insoluble. O le fofo HF aqueous e mafai ona aofia ai tulaga le mama uʻamea arsenic, karaponi teio, i le tulaga lea ua taʻua o acid faapitoa. Taulai 60% HF vaifofo o le taua i le kemisi faatulagaina gaosi. O loo teuina i totonu o pusa palasitika po teflon, ma tone acid hydrofluoric aveina i tane uamea.

Matafaioi a acid hydrofluoric i le tamaoaiga

O le fofo o le fluoride hydrogen faaaoga mo le tuuina atu o borofluoride ammonium, lea o se vaega o flux i metallurgy ferrous ma nonferrous. Foi, e faaaoga i le faagasologa o electrolysis e maua boron mama. o loo faaaogaina acid Hydrofluoric i le kremneftoridov gaosiga, e pei o mo se faataitaiga NA ₂ SiF _6. E faaaoga ia maua sima ma enamels e tetee atu acids minerale.

Flyuaty tuuina atu mea fale meatotino susu. I le talafeagai faagasologa o le latou talosaga ina ia faaeteete, ona kremneftoridy oona uma. O se fofo aqueous o HF o loo faaaogaina foi i le tuuina atu o suauu gaosi gao. E le pei o minerale, latou taofia le ogatasi ma ua avea o se ata tifaga e puipuia ai i luga o le galulue vaega, compressors, gearboxes, ona tulaga uma e lua i le maualuga ma i le vevela maualalo. O le taua tele o le fluoride hydrogen aqueous i le etching (filiga) tioata, e pei foi i le alamanuia semiconductor afai ua faaaoga mo etching silicon.

Fluorine-o loo i palasitika

Le sili ona lauiloa o nei o le Teflon (PTFE - 4). Sa tatala e tupu faafuasei. Roy kemisi faatulagaina Plankett, auai freons tuufaatasia, o loo maua i cylinders ma cheteryhhloristym gaseous ethylene teuina i le vevela o le lē maualalo o le kesi, o se pauta paʻepaʻe, gaʻoa i le paʻi. Na iloa ai i le maualuga i uunaiga ma le vevela maualalo polymerized tetrafluoroethylene.

O lenei tali na taitai atu ai i le faavaega o le fou uga. Mulimuli ane sa taʻua o Teflon. Ua ia te ia le vevela lelei ma tetee malulu. o loo faatatau -O le Teflon ma le manuia i le gaosiga o meaai, alamanuia o vailaau, i le gaosia o cookware ma meatotino lē laau. E oo lava i le 70 ° ^C oloa PTFE - 4 e le aveesea o latou meatotino. O se ese inertness maualuga vailaau o PTFE. E le faaumatia e fesootai ma faigata vailaau - alkalis ma acids. E taua tele lenei mo le masini e faaaoga i le faiga faatekonolosi o nitrate ma acids sulfate, hydroxide ammonium, hydroxide sodium. e mafai ona aofia polymer Fluorocarbon vaega faaopoopo - modifiers, e pei o le tioata po o le uʻamea, ina ia latou suia o latou meatotino, e pei o tetee vevela faateleina ma le anagata.

Dissociation o fluoride hydrogen

Muamua tatou taʻua e ituaiga fusi covalent malosi, i le gata i lea, oi latou lava ua mafai ona e mafuta i aggregates, fausia hydrogen noataga i molecules HF. O le mafuaaga lena le hydrogen fluoride ei ai se tulaga maualalo o dissociation ma lē lelei le cleaved i fofo aqueous i ions. o vaivai acid Hydrofluoric nai lo chloride po Bromine. O nei uiga faamatala le i ai o lona dissociation tetee, masima acid gata i lea, ae pe chloride po o lo latou ituaiga leai vaimū. O le dissociation faifai pea o fofo fluoride hydrogen aqueous o 7x10 ^-4, lea e faamautu ai le moni o lona vaifofo o le a le toatele o undissociated molecules ma faailogaina maualalo mataupu i totonu o ions hydrogen ma fluorine.

E faapefea matautia ftorgidrid

E tatau ona matauina e le oona o uma fluoride hydrogen gaseous ma suavai. mea Tulafono - 0342. Hydrofluoric acid umia foi meatotino nakoti. I lona aafiaga i le tino o le tagata, o le a tatou taulai atu mulimuli ane. O le classifier o lenei mea, e pei foi anhydrous ftorgidrid, o lona uiga i le lona lua o le vasega o le tulaga matautia. ua tatau ona totogi lenei, i mea uma, e faigofie lava le tomai o fluorine tutuina. Aemaise lava, o lenei meatotino o aemaise faamaonia i se lotoa e pei o le fluoride hydrogen, o aemaise Pozharovzryvoopasnost maualuga.

Aisea e iloa ai le maualuga o le fluoride hydrogen i le ea

I le tuuina tau alamanuia o HF, maua mai acid fluorspar ma sulfuric ua leiloa e mafai o kasa oloa, lea ulugalii i totonu o le siosiomaga. Manatua fluoride hydrogen (lamatiaga vasega lea - lona lua) - matua oona mea ma e manaomia ai le fua pea o lona faasalaga. I alamanuia kasa oona o loo tele aofaiga o leaga ma ono lamatia ai vailaau, aemaise nitrogen ma oxides o teio, sulphides o mamafa uʻamea ma gaseous hydrogen halides. I totonu oi latou se vaega tele i le fluoride hydrogen, lea MPC i le ea o le 0,005 mg / m ³ i le tulaga o fluorine i le aso. Mo fale gaosi nofoaga ei ai ogaumu talipalau, o le faasalaga aupito maualuga faatagaina (MPC) e tatau ona 0, 1 mg / m ^3.

analyzers kasa o le fluoride hydrogen

E saili le mea leaga o kasa ma le aofaiga tatala i totonu o le siosiomaga, o loo faapitoa meafaigaluega fua. Mo le mauaina o HF ausa faaaogaina photocolorimetric analyzers kasa, lea o loo faaaogaina o uaea moli ma LEDs pei semiconductor malamalama punaoa ma photodiodes ma phototransistors avea photodetectors. Fuafuaina o hydrogen fluoride e faia i luga o le ea ea ma se isi analyzers kasa infrared. Latou e fai lava si maaleale. HF molecules mitiia leisa umi-galu i le tele o 1-15 microns. O le meafaigaluega faaaogaina e iloa ai le otaota oona i le ea ma i le eria o galuega a le pisinisi tau alamanuia, faatulagaina oscillation faasalaga HF uma e lua i totonu o le fua faatatau faatagaina ma se tasi o tulaga ogaoga (technogenic catastrophes, faaletonu taamilosaga faatekinolosi ona o le faaleagaina o le mana o le tuuina atu ma isi. D.). O nei galuega tauave faagaoioia thermoconductometric analyzers kasa fluoride hydrogen. Siva. latou eseesega kasa oona e faavae i luga conductivity vevela HF faalagolago i le tuufaatasiga o le paluga gaseous.

Ftorgidrida aafiaga leaga i luga o le tino o le tagata

A o fluoride hydrogen anhydrous ma acid hydrofluoric, o se fofo o ai i le vai, auai i le vasega lona lua o le tulaga matautia. Aemaise lava, o nei tuufaatasi ai se lelei aafiaga i taua faiga: cardiovascular, excretory, respiratory, ma paʻu ma mucous membranes. alu amanaiaina ma asymptomatic le tui o mea e ala i le pau. O le ofoofogia o toxicity mafai ona faaali mai lava i le aso na sosoo ai, ma ua maua latou solofaga, e pei o paʻu ulcerated, i le vaega pito i luga mucosal mata faia keloids. ua faaumatia aano o le tino māmā ona lesion necrotic o le alveoli. O le ions fluoride maileia i le suāvai extracellular, ona ati i le sela ma latou fusia fasimea kalisiu ma magnesium ulufale atu i le tuufaatasiga o pepa solo neura, o le toto, ma tubules Fatugao - fausaga nephron. O lea la, aemaise talafeagai o le pulea ma le faaeteete o le mataupu i totonu o gaseous fluoride hydrogen ma ausa acid hydrofluoric i le siosiomaga.